Important 1775 map of French trading routes – the first definitive British map of the St. Lawrence River.
An Exact Chart of the River St. Laurence, from Fort Frontenac to the Island of Anticosti shewing the Soundings, Rocks, Shoals &c with Views of the Lands and all necessary Instructions for navigating that River to Quebec…1775
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Description
An important map from Jefferys’s The American Atlas, the most important 18th-century atlas for America.
The St. Lawrence was a highway for the French, along with an increasing trade volume, and accurate charts were essential. In 1702, Jean Deshayes carried out an exhaustive survey. The resulting map became the standard until it was superseded by the British Royal Naval surveys of the later 18th century by James Cook and others.
For the present work, Jefferys translated the notes on Deshayes’ chart into English and updated the area mapping between Lake Ontario and Quebec (he used J.B.B. D’Anville’s 1755 map of Canada for this). The result is a sailing chart with various navigation aids, including depth soundings, rhumb lines, notes, and coastal profiles.
The central part of the map depicts the river from Anticosti Island to Quebec, flanked above and below by several insets (one based on D’Anville’s map and four others depicting essential stretches of the river in greater detail).
The present reissue appeared in Jefferys’s The American Atlas, the publication of which was prompted by the growing tensions between the British government and its colonies. The importance of the St. Lawrence River was well-understood as the main conduit for trade to and from the prosperous Canadian settlements, and a map of the river would have been expected and appreciated in an atlas that claimed to include maps and charts of the areas where conflict with the colonists was likely.
The inset maps include:
The Seven Islands
A Continuation of the River from Quebec to Lake Ontario, taken from the Original Published at Paris by Mr. D’Anville in 1755
St. Nicholas or English Harbor
A View of the Lands from Cape Torment to the Butt
The Traverse or Passage from Cape Torment into the South Channel of Orleans Island
The Road of Tadousac
Cartographer(s):
Thomas Jefferys (c. 1710-1771) was one of the significant commercial cartographers in London in the middle of the 18th century. He issued many maps, but Braddock Mead’s American maps, particularly Map of the Most Inhabited Part of New England (1755), stand as his greatest successes. Even though Jefferys was not an actual compiler of maps himself, his skills as an engraver and, perhaps more importantly, in entering the right commercial partnerships soon established him in cartographic circles.
Jefferys’s origins and beginning in the map trade are somewhat obscure. From around 1735, we know he apprenticed as an engraver with the famous English map maker Emmanuel Bowen. Once trained, he worked as an engraver for several London publications, usually on map-related projects. Jefferys increasingly gravitated to his projects and gradually became a publisher and engraver, primarily of maps. In 1746, he was appointed geographer to the Prince of Wales, which meant that at his ascension to the throne fourteen years later, Jefferys became Royal Geographer to King George III. In real life, these titles conferred a reputation as a tradesman favored by the court; they did not entail a salary or specific commissions per se. By 1750, his position and hard work allowed Jefferys to move to new and larger premises at Charing Cross in central London.
The Seven Years War (1756-63), a British-French conflict fought in Europe, America, and South Asia, created a boom in the demand for maps. Jefferys was ideally positioned to respond to this demand. During those years, maps of the Americas became especially popular, and with John Green (Mead) in his fold, Thomas Jefferys produced the very best of these on the market. In general, Jefferys took advantage of the increasing demand. Indeed, two of his maps – both compiled by Braddock Mead/John Green – are among the most influential maps ever made of the British colonies in America. Jefferys’s maps were in sync with public sentiment. He displayed a strong position against French territorial claims when war with France loomed. This was not particularly controversial since the French policy of encircling and encroaching on the English colonies was considered a real threat, but it did help his business.
With the war’s conclusion in 1763, demand waned, and having lost his best in-house cartographer; things were not looking up. In 1765, following several self-funded county surveys in England that Jefferys had hoped would save him financially, his publishing house went bankrupt. By joining forces with Robert Sayer of London, another publisher specializing in maps, he attempted a final come-back in 1768 by publishing his General Topography of North America. In this impressive atlas, Jefferys reissued 93 American maps and charts in 106 sheets, including the third and final state of Mead’s seminal map of New England. While the atlas enjoyed some commercial success and stands as a pivotal publication in the repertoire of American cartography today, it was not enough to save him. After Jefferys died in 1771, Robert Sayer purchased the remaining plates from Jefferys’ estate and used them to reissue maps with John Bennet.
Condition Description
Worn around the edges, with various chips in the margins.
References
Kershaw, Early Printed Maps of Canada II, 669; Phillips, A List of Maps of America, p. 653; Sellers & Van Ee, Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 233 (4th state); Stevens & Tree, "Comparative Cartography" 76d, in Tooley, The Mapping of America.
