[Map of Jambudvīpa]

Description

This colorful and symbolically rich work is a one-of-a-kind hand-painted representation of Jain cosmology, most likely produced in the 19th century in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, where Jainism is most prominent.

Jain maps are rare, and this one stands out for the large quantity of text that accompanies the visual representation of the cosmos, providing a complete overview of Jain cosmology and terminology on a single sheet.

The map is a cosmological representation of the universe based on Jain philosophical and spiritual concepts, depicting the structure of the universe, its realms, and the interrelation between spiritual and physical components. Jain cosmology presents a highly structured, logical model of the cosmos, including its dimensions and inhabitants, focusing on the ultimate goal of liberation (moksha).

The text at the top-right explains that the map is centered on Mount Meru (मेरु), the focal point of the universe in Jain cosmology and an anchor providing cosmic balance, which sits within Madhyaloka, the central realm of the universe, where humans reside. Above the central realm is the upper realm (urdhva loka), the abode of the gods, while below is the hell-like infernal region, Naraka. Each realm is itself subdivided into multiple levels and zones.

The progression of one’s soul through these realms in the eternal cycle of rebirth (samsara) is determined by one’s karma. The universe is surrounded by layers of water and wind, beyond which is nothingness. In this void, along the edges of the map, are words and phrases referring to Jain cosmological concepts, deities, and numerology.

This work is notable for being a unique production and for its remarkable condition. While other Jain cosmological maps from the same period appear on the market occasionally, few of them are quite so rich in text and imagery, and even fewer survive in such good condition.