The Survey of India, established in 1767 under Major James Rennell and expanded during British rule, served as the paramount cartographic and geodetic agency in India. By 1921, it had become central to mapping the subcontinent for both civil administration and military planning. In this instance, the Survey’s maps reflect the dual imperative of geographic precision and strategic control, making this report an indispensable source for scholars of South Asian military history, cartography, and colonial frontier dynamics.

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